Second of two parts

Ultraviolet (UV) rays, an invisible component of sunlight, can cause skin damage, cataracts, wrinkles, age spots and skin cancer. These rays also impair the skin’s immune system.

UV rays can hurt you on cloudy as well as sunny days. UV rays also bounce off surfaces of the ocean, sand, snow and cement.

One of the surest ways to reduce your exposure to UV rays is to stay out of the sun when it is the strongest. Those times in North America are between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the late spring and early summer.

Other ways to protect yourself are to wear protective clothing, such as a wide-brimmed hat, long-sleeved shirt, and long pants.

You should use a sunscreen rated at SPF-15 or more.

Eye doctors recommend wraparound sunglasses that provide 100 percent UV ray protection.

You should also pay attention to the UV Index developed by the National Weather Service and the Environmental Protection Agency. This index assesses risk of overexposure to UV rays.

The following are the index levels:

1 to 2: Low. No protection needed. You can safely stay outside using minimal sun protection.

3 to 7: Moderate to high. Protection needed. Seek shade during late morning through mid-afternoon. When outside, generously apply broad-spectrum SPF-15 or higher sunscreen on exposed skin, and wear protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses.

8+: Very high to extreme. Extra protection needed. Be careful outside, especially during late morning through mid-afternoon. If your shadow is shorter than you, seek shade and wear protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses, and generously apply a minimum of SPF-15, broad-spectrum sunscreen on exposed skin.

You can learn more at: https://www.epa.gov/sunsafety/uv-index-scale-0

Not everyone reacts to the sun in the same way. The level of danger calculated for the basic categories of the UV Index are for a person with Type II skin. The following are the skin types:

I - Always burns, never tans, sensitive to sun exposure

II - Burns easily, tans minimally

III - Burns moderately, tans gradually to light brown

IV - Burns minimally, always tans well to moderately brown

V - Rarely burns, tans profusely to dark

VI - Never burns, deeply pigmented, least sensitive

What is a suntan?

When UV rays penetrate the skin’s inner layer they generate the production of melanin, a dark pigment. The melanin eventually moves toward the outer layers of the skin and becomes visible as a tan. Every time you tan, you damage your skin and this damage accumulates over time.

There is no safe tan. What some call a base tan may, actually, increase the chances you’ll get a burn, because you’re likely to stay out longer without properly protecting your skin.

You should stay away from tanning beds and sunlamps because they emit UV rays that can cause serious long-term skin damage. The amount of the radiation produced during indoor tanning is similar to the sun’s production and in some cases may be greater.

Many tanning salons are unregulated. They allow customers access to tanning beds without supervision or eye protection.

Have a question? Email: fred@healthygeezer.com. Order “How To Be A Healthy Geezer,” 218-page compilation of columns: healthygeezer.com

All Rights Reserved © 2025 Fred Cicetti

The Times News, Inc. and affiliates (Lehigh Valley Press) do not endorse or recommend any medical products, processes, or services or provide medical advice. The views of the columnist and column do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Lehigh Valley Press. The article content is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician, or other qualified health-care provider, with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.